Īlthough instances of football crowd violence and disorder have been a feature of association football throughout its history (e.g. In 1905, a number of Preston fans were tried for hooliganism, including a " drunk and disorderly" 70-year-old woman, following their match against Blackburn Rovers. The following year, Preston fans fought Queen's Park fans in a railway station-the first alleged instance of football hooliganism outside of a match. One Preston player was beaten so severely that he lost consciousness and press reports at the time described the fans as "howling roughs". In 1885, after Preston North End beat Aston Villa 5–0 in a friendly match, both teams were pelted with stones, attacked with sticks, punched, kicked and spat at. The first recorded instances of football hooliganism in the modern game allegedly occurred during the 1880s in England, a period when gangs of supporters would intimidate neighbourhoods, in addition to attacking referees, opposing supporters and players. This same paper also identified " pitch invasions" as a common occurrence during the 1880s in English football. According to a University of Liverpool academic paper, conflict at an 1846 match in Derby, England, required a reading of the riot act and two groups of dragoons to effectively respond to the disorderly crowd. In 1314, Edward II banned football (at that time, a violent, unruly activity involving rival villages kicking a pig's bladder across the local heath) because he believed the disorder surrounding matches might lead to social unrest, or even treason. The first instance of violence associated with modern team sports is unknown, but the phenomenon of football related violence can be traced back to 14th-century England. Violence generally associated with team sporting events and their outcomes possesses a documented history, going at least as far back as the Nika Riots during the Byzantine Empire. Violent hooliganism may cause intervention from a riot police or in some countries, the military.
A highly violent and severe hooliganism may considered as an act of terrorism, especially those involving weapons.In some places, there is vandalism in the form of graffiti sprayed to promote football teams, especially in derby cities.burning the pitch and placing the emblem of a rival team in the grass.Similar effects can occur when law-abiding crowds try to flee disorder caused by hooligans. disorderly crowd behaviour such as pushing, which may cause stadium fixtures such as fences and walls to collapse.fighting with weapons including sports bats, glass bottles, rocks, rebar, knives, machetes and firearms.throwing of objects at opposing supporters, including stones, bricks, coins, flares, fireworks and Molotov cocktails.throwing of objects on to the pitch, either in an attempt to harm players and officials or as a gesture of insult.use of laser pens to disorient players of the opposing team.taunting, often with racial slurs or hate speech.įootball hooliganism involves a wide range of behaviour, including: While national-level firms do not exist in the form of club-level firms, hooligans supporting the national team may use a collective name indicating their allegiance. They may also become involved in disorder involving the general public.
Hooligans who have the time and money may follow national teams to away matches and engage in hooligan behaviour against the hooligans of the home team. Hooligan-led violence has been called "aggro" (short for "aggression") and "bovver" (the Cockney pronunciation of "bother", i.e. In extreme cases, hooligans, police, and bystanders have been killed, and riot police have intervened. Participants often select locations away from stadiums to avoid arrest by the police, but conflict can also erupt spontaneously inside the stadium or in the surrounding streets. Certain clubs have long-standing rivalries with other clubs and hooliganism associated with matches between them (sometimes called local derbies) is likely to be more severe.Ĭonflict may take place before, during or after matches. Other English-language terms commonly used in connection with hooligan firms include "army", "boys", "bods", " casuals", and "crew". Football hooliganism normally involves conflict between gangs, in English known as football firms (derived from the British slang for a criminal gang), formed to intimidate and attack supporters of other teams. FC Lokomotive Leipzig fans before their team's encounter with SG Dynamo Schwerin in the East German FDGB-Pokal in 1990įootball hooliganism, also known as soccer hooliganism, football riot or soccer riot, is a form of civil disobedience involving violence and other destructive behaviours perpetrated by spectators at association football events.
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